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An umbrella term for Jewish communities that affirm the divine origin of Torah and binding halacha as transmitted by the rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism includes a wide internal range, from Modern Orthodox to Haredi and Hasidic communities.

Rooted in rabbinic tradition; defined as a modern movement from the 19th century

A stream within Orthodoxy that combines a commitment to halacha with active engagement in secular culture, higher education, and civic life.

19th–20th century

Communities within Orthodoxy that emphasize strict adherence to halacha, intensive Torah study, and a degree of separation from secular culture. Often called 'ultra-Orthodox' in English, though the term is imprecise.

19th–20th century

A movement within Orthodoxy founded in 18th-century Eastern Europe by the Baal Shem Tov, emphasizing joyful devotion, mysticism, and the role of the tzaddik (rebbe). Organized into dynastic courts.

18th century to present

A movement that regards halacha as binding yet evolving through a halachic process that engages modern scholarship, history, and changing conditions. Called Masorti ('traditional') in Hebrew.

19th–20th century

A liberal movement that treats Jewish tradition as an evolving religious civilization and emphasizes personal informed choice, ethical commitment, and the prophetic tradition.

19th century to present

A movement founded by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan that understands Judaism as the evolving religious civilization of the Jewish people, with halacha as a resource for shared practice rather than binding law.

20th century

A transdenominational movement drawing on Hasidic and Kabbalistic spirituality, the havurah movement, and contemporary concerns, emphasizing contemplative practice and inclusive community.

Late 20th century to present